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Rules of Thumb for Link/64 & Link/T1
DATE: February 24, 1992
PRODUCT: Link/64 & Link/T1
PRODUCT VERSION: 1.1
SUPERSEDES: Document dated 11/91
ISSUE/PROBLEM
We have endeavored to make Link/64 and Link/T1 reliable, efficient, and
easy to use. To aid you in configuring the products for optimal
performance, reliability and ease of use, we asked our engineers what
components they would use if they were installing them. Here's what they
said.
Link/64 and Link/T1 are Novell's high speed offering in the WAN product
family. Link/64 and Link/T1 allow users to connect geographically separate
LANs through high speed digital links or leased lines.
Link/64 supports speeds from 9.6 to 64 Kbps. Link/T1 supports speeds from
9.6 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps.
Interface Connection Options Using Link/64 and Link/T1 across a telephone
line:
- DSU/CSU to DSU/CSU
- PBX to PBX
- MUX to MUX
- Modem to Modem
Link/64 is suited for electronic mail, host access, centralized network
management, and file transfer. Intensive applications that require high
bandwidth such as direct file access (including database applications) and
large file transfers require the faster wide area network connections
offered by Link/T1.
Link/T1 is ideal for applications requiring medium to high throughput. For
example, Link/T1 is well suited for database applications (including SQL
and Btrieve), direct file access, network management such as remote file
server backups and software maintenance, or file transfers with medium to
heavy traffic. At speeds above 1 Mbps, users may not realize their work is
being routed over a wide area network.
General Applications
Link/64 and Link/T1 are useful for a variety of applications over the
internetwork, including:
o File transfer. Uploading and downloading files between branch offices.
o Electronic mail. An increasingly used tool for communications in
geographically distributed organizations.
o Host access. Most large organizations need to provide users with access
to key applications on mini or mainframe based systems. Link/64 and
Link/T1 can provide mainframe access by making Novell's SNA Gateway or
NetWare for SAA available across internetwork links.
o Direct file access. Link/T1 can provide real-time manipulation of data
on a remote workstation, file server, or mainframe; for example, access to
a centrally maintained database or to an SQL server.
o Network management. Link/64 and Link/T1 give you the ability to monitor
the activity of separate local area networks, to distribute software and
other LAN utilities from a centralized location, and to back up network
files remotely.
New Features
Release 1.1 of Link/64 and Link/T1 provides several valuable new features:
> V3.11 NLM. Link/64 and Link/T1 can now be run as NetWare v3.11 NLMs.
> Microchannel support. A microchannel version of the Novell Synchronous/+
Adapter is available from Newport Systems Solutions. Their address is at
the end of this document.
> Data compression. A data compression module is supported with this
release. Data compression is covered in more detail later in this
document.
> Remote DSU/CSU console. With release 1.1, you can remotely control any
DSU/CSU that has an RS-232 management port.
> X.21 support. The Novell Synchronous/+ Adapter now provides support for
the X.21 interface.
Hardware and Software Requirements
To run Link/64 or Link/T1, you need the following hardware:
> A PC meeting the requirements described below under "PC Requirements." >
A suitable LAN adapter.
> A suitable WAN adapter, such as a Novell Synchronous/+ Adapter or the
WNIC/MCA Adapter.
> Suitable Customer Premises Equipment, such as a DSU/CSU or multiplexer.
> Telecommunications lines based on your requirements (available from a
local provider). The Link products operate with dial-up or leased line
connections.
PC Requirements
Any PC used as a Link/T1 or Link/64 router must have:
> At least one high density floppy disk drive.
> For each Synchronous/+ Adapter that will be installed, a 16 bit expansion
slot available with one free slot on the component side of the
Synchronous/+ Adapter for side clearance.
> A suitable LAN adapter, for example, an Ethernet, ARCnet, or Token Ring
card.
The requirements for a router PC also depend on the following:
> Whether the router is internal or external to the file server.
> For an external router, whether the router is dedicated or nondedicated.
> For an external router, whether the router will run in real mode or
protected mode. In real mode, the router runs in 640 KB of base RAM. In
protected mode, the router runs in 640 KB of base RAM plus 2 to 8 MB
(maximum) of extended memory. Protected mode allows you to run Value Added
Processes (VAPs) on the router.
> Whether the router will run on a NetWare v3.xx file server.
For a list of tested and recommended PCs, refer to "Tested Hardware" later
in this document.
Requirements for an Internal Router (Netware V2.X)
For an internal router running under Netware v2.x, the PC should have:
> A minimum CPU clock speed of 12 Mhz
> 640 KB of base RAM.
> An additional 4 MB of memory.
Requirements for an Internal Router (Netware V3.XX)
For NetWare v3.xx, a file server used as a Link/T1 or Link/64 router should
meet the general requirements for a NetWare v3.xx file server. NetWare
V3.xx supports the following Pcs as file servers:
> COMPAQ Deskpro/386 or compatibles with an additional 4 MB of RAM
> IBM PS/2 models 70 or 80 with an additional 4 MB of RAM
NOTE: We suggest that you configure the Router on a machine which is no
faster than 12Mh and then move it to a faster machine for actual operation.
If you configure on a fast machine use DCONFIG to check to make certain the
configuration registered correctly.
Requirements for an External Router
For an external router, the PC should have:
> A minimum CPU clock speed of 8 Mhz for NetWare 2.x. For NetWare v3.xx,
the PC must have a clock speed of 16 Mhz or higher.
> 640KB of RAM for a dedicated external router.
> 640 KB of RAM for a nondedicated external router.
> If the external router will operate in real mode, 640 KB of RAM.
> If the external router will run in protected mode, the PC must have 1024
KB of RAM plus a minimum of 2 MB of extended memory and a maximum of 8 MB
of extended memory.
> In addition, the PC should run DOS v3.0 or higher.
NOTE: If you load VAP drivers together with the Link software you may need
more RAM.
LAN Adapters
You need a suitable LAN adapter to connect the router to the network, for
example, an Ethernet, ARCnet, or Token Ring card.
At aggregate WAN speeds below 512 Kbps, most LAN adapters perform
satisfactorily. Above that speed, a 16-bit nonmemory-mapped LAN adapter is
recommended. For a list of tested adapters, refer to "Tested Hardware"
below.
Note: In a 386-based PC, some "dumb" LAN adapters perform faster than
"smart" LAN adapters that have on-board processors and memory.
WAN Adapters
You'll also need a Novell Synchronous/V.35+, Novell Synchronous /RS422
-X.21+ or Novell Synchronous/RS-232+ adapter to provide the connection to
the communications device. Link/64 and Link/T1 support up to three
adapters for each external router. We recommend that you use the following
adapters for the following data transmission speeds:
> For data rates from 9.6 Kbps to 2 Mbps - the V.35 or RS-422-X.21
interfaces .
> For operating speeds of 9.6 Kbps to 19.2 Kbps - the RS-232 interface.
If you need X.21 support, use the Novell Synchronous/RS-422-X.21+ Adapter.
If you want to use a microchannel PC, you need the WNIC/MCA Adapter,
available from Newport Systems Solutions.
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
A DSU/CSU, full duplex synchronous modem, or other data communications
equipment, such as a multiplexer, is required at each router location.
Modems tested in our laboratories are listed later in this document.
However, a wide variety of modems and DSU/CSU devices work equally well
with the products.
Telecommunications Lines
Link/64 and Link/T1 can run at any data rate within their respective ranges
(9.6 to 64 Kbps for Link/64 and 9.6 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps for Link/T1). For
example, Link/T1 can run at 64 Kbps. Link/T1 can also use the Megastream
service (CEPT 2.048 Mbps) available in many countries. Link/64 is often
installed to operate at 9.6 Kbps over voice-grade lines. Link/64 and
Link/T1 are also designed to adapt dynamically to speed changes on the link
(for example, T1 multiplexers with dynamic bandwidth allocation).
In addition, Link/64 and Link/T1 work very well with private transmission
facilities such as microwave and optical fibers. Link/64 has been tested
satisfactorily with delays of 500 milliseconds with no adverse effects.
List of T1 Vendors
AT&T GTE Spacenet MCI Communications
908-221-2000 703-848-1000 202-872-1600
Metropolitan Fiber Systems Southern Pacific Tele Southwestern Bell
708-218-7200 415-541-2000 314-247-4613
US Sprint WilTel Pacific Bell
816-276-6000 800-364-5113 415-542-9000
Wide Area Network Configurations
The optimal LAN to LAN configuration is a blend of products that best serve
the economics and applications performance requirements of the
organization. Your organization may require a combination of several
NetWare Link products to fit its specific needs.
Point-to-Point Configuration
A point to point configuration directly connects two LANs. It is suitable
for situations where there are only two LANs to connect.
Loop Configuration
A loop configuration connects LANs together in a closed loop. Because this
configuration provides more than one possible path between LANs, it offers
link redundancy in case a router in one path fails.
In a closed loop configuration the internetwork must be broken into two
segments by using two cards in at least two of the routers. This prevents
packets from travelling continually around the entire loop.
Link/T1 and Link/64 Connection Types
> Point-to-Point Configuration
> Remote Workstation Configuration
Remote Workstation Configuration
You can use Link/64 or Link/T1 to connect a remote workstation that is not
on a LAN to a LAN running Link/64 or Link/T1. The illustration above shows
a remote workstation configuration.
Lists of Tested Hardware
We have tested the following hardware with NetWare Link/64 or Link/T1.
Personal Computers
ALR 386 Novell AT 286 (10 MHz)
COMPAQ Deskpro 386/S Novell AT 386 (16 Mhz)
COMPAQ 486 L/33 Zenith 386 (20 Mhz)
Everex 386/33 Steps IBM PS/2 Model 80
LAN Adapters
3COM 3C505 Ethernet Novell NE1000 Ethernet
IBM Token Ring II Novell NE2000 Ethernet*
IBM Token Ring 4 Novell RX-Net ARCnet
IBM Token Ring 16/4 Novell RX-Net/2
IBM Token Ring I (MCA) Standard Microsystems (SMC) ARCnet
* 16 bit card recommended for optimal Link/64 and Link/T1 performance.
DSU/CSUs
Digital Link V.36/RS-449 T1Larse Transformer TXFR-RV35
SCITEC Integrator 1544 VeriLink ConnecT1 DSU
Performance Factors
A number of factors influence the performance of a Link/64 or Link/T1
router. Some of these factors are:
> Whether the router is internal or external
> Whether the router is dedicated or nondedicated
> Whether data compression is used
> What version of NetWare you have
Internal or External Router
There are pros and cons for combining the router with the local area
network file server (internal router) and for establishing it as a separate
router PC (external router).
Combining the router with the file server can eliminate the cost of extra
hardware. Performance should still be good up to 2 Mbps aggregate
throughput. The router network management utilities will need to run on a
workstation separate from the router PC.
For more than one T1 connection, or aggregate throughput requirements
greater than 2 Mbps, we recommend using an external router. This
guarantees good performance at any data rate and with multiple T1
connections. Configured as an external router, Link/64 and Link/T1 network
management utilities can be run at the router PC or any other workstation
on the LAN.
Nondedicated or Dedicated Router
Internal routers should be run in dedicated mode only. External routers
can be run in nondedicated or dedicated mode. While there are reasons for
using a nondedicated router, Novell recommends using a dedicated router for
reliability. If a user reboots the nondedicated system or the system
hangs, all the users on the link could lose important information and hours
of productivity.
Used properly, however, a nondedicated router can be useful for running
network management programs, such as the NWLSTAT program provided with
Link/64 and Link/T1, which provides information on router port status.
Recommendation: If running nondedicated, it is best to leave the router in
console mode except when running a known network management application.
Netware Version
Link/64 and Link/T1 work with NetWare v2.15c or higher. Note that a router
created from NetWare v2.10 or higher (including NetWare v3.xx) can
accommodate any IPX/SPX packets from any workstation or file server running
NetWare v2.1x and above, including NetWare v3.xx.
When using NetWare v2.15, please make certain you have version 2.15c. If
you need to upgrade, please call your local Novell representative.
Mixing LINK/64 and LINK/T1 Versions
Version 1.1 is significantly different from prior versions. It can not be
mixed with prior versions. If you are installing Version 1.1 on an already
existing WAN you must purchase and install the upgrade on all existing
LINK/T1 and LINK/64 Routers.
Accessing IBM SNA Mainframes
With a NetWare SNA Gateway or NetWare for SAA installed on your central
LAN, NetWare users can run 3270 LAN Workstation software on remote LANs to
access their SNA host across the high speed router links.
Macintosh Connections
NetWare for Macintosh will only work at speeds of 19.2 Kbps or faster. The
NetWare router routes only IPX/SPX packets. Therefore, a NetWare for
Macintosh Service Protocol Gateway must be installed at the same site as
the Macintosh workstations to convert AppleTalk protocols to IPX/SPX. The
NetWare for Macintosh Value Added Processes (VAPs) must be run in a
protected mode external router or in a file server. At this time,
Appletalk 3.11 does not route packets across a T1 link using the NetWare
V3.xx NLM.
Data Compression
An add-on daughter board for data compression is available from Newport for
the Novell Synchronous/+ Adapter. With the data compression module
installed, you can transmit data with a data compression ratio ranging from
1:1 to 26:1 over a 64 Kbps DS-0 line. The maximum data rate for Link/T1
with data compression installed is 128 Kbps.
The amount of data compression you can achieve is directly related to the
type of data you transmit. For example, word processing files
(uncompressed), spreadsheets, and database files will be compressed at 4:1
on the low side and at about 6:1 on the high side. Lab testing with
specific data patterns has produced data compression at a ratio of up to
26:1. However, unless the data patterns you transmit are highly
repetitive, you cannot expect this high a degree of performance.
Using data compression with previously compressed data may slow down any
data compression product. This is because all data compression methods
look at a section of a file to see if it can be compressed, but if it
cannot be compressed, the data is transmitted as is. However, this takes
additional processing time and depends on the efficiency of the data
compression algorithm. The additional processing time may reduce or
eliminate any improved efficiency from the data compression.
To order the Data Compression Module daughter board and/or the WNIC/MCA
Adapter contact:
Newport Systems Solutions (714) 752-1511
4019 Westerly Place, Suite 103
Newport Beach, CA 92660
NOTE: When ordering the WNIC/MCA Adapter it is important that you tell
Newport that you need a board with a Novell/LINK PAL chip.
Ordering Information
NetWare Link/64 Part # 883-000842-002
NetWare Link/T1 Part # 883-000843-002
Novell Synchronous/V.35+ Adapter Part # 883-000840-001
Novell Synchronous/RS422-X.21+ Adapter Part # 883-000890-001
Novell Synchronous/RS232+ Adapter Part # 883-000891-001